temporarily damming the East Fork Hood River. Except that its not unheard of for volcanoes that are considered extinct to occasionally erupt. The mountain is surrounded by an immense national forest, making it the perfect area for snowsports, trekking, and other recreational activities. Mount Hood is a stratovolcano in northwest Oregon located about fifty miles east of Portland and thirty-five miles south of the Columbia River.At 11,244 feet, it is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest peak in the Cascade Range.Mount Hood has played a central role in the geology, history, natural environment, and culture that have helped shape northwest Oregon and the entire . Mount Hood is the tallest mountain in the state with an elevation of 11,249 ft. River and surged up the White Salmon River valley on the Washington side. Areas within proximal hazard zones should be evacuated
They are therefore considered active but dormant. cold, windless days, a steam plume is often seen rising from the fumaroles. The Mt. local, State, and Federal agencies. Hood and the Columbia River Gorge is ready for you. Depth within the Earth where an earthquake rupture initiated. The largest glacier by surface area is the Coe-Ladd Glacier system at 531 acres (215ha). Over time, the knowledge might go dormant in your brain, but it could spring back to life when you need it. "Old Chute," West Crater Rim, etc.). How did Mount Hood get its name? Timm was the native name for Celilo Falls. The combination of the crystals' age and apparent growth rate provides a geologic fingerprint for determining the approximate threshold for making the near-solid rock viscous enough to cause an eruption. During both recent eruptive periods, growinglavadomeshigh on the southwest flank collapsed repeatedly to formpyroclasticflowsandlaharsthat were distributed primarily to the south and west along the Sandy River and its tributaries. In addition to my new book, I have written four others that are availableon Amazon.comincludingThe Beginning Of The End,Get Prepared Now, andLiving A Life That Really Matters. [22], There have been two United States Navy ammunition ships named for Mount Hood. Water from the Bull Run Watershed, vital to Portland, is transported in pipes that cross
That mountain is all that remains of a volcano that might have once looked like Mount Hood does today, but it last erupted about 300,000 years ago, and since that time erosion has worn away much of the ancient volcanos cone. This is where the dormant term comes into play. And this is the category into which volcanic systems like Yellowstone fall, as well as the other two caldera systems in the USA: Long Valley (California) and Valles (New Mexico). 1,500 year ago. Could Mt. Hood Be The First Volcano To Erupt On The West Coast? lahars that can reach the hazard boundary in less than 30 minutes, as well as
[51] The Coopers Spur trail leads to 8,510ft (2,590m) in elevation, the highest reachable point one can gain on the mountain without requiring mountaineering gear. Online Version 1.0. It is a stratovolcano that is considered active and is likely to erupt in the future. travel much farther. ***Michaels new book entitled Lost Prophecies Of The Future Of America is now availablein paperbackandfor the Kindleon Amazon.***. Hood could have a significant eruption within the next 75 years. Volcanoes, including Mt. Hood, can go from dormant to active quickly So what is being done to monitor the mountain that looms over the city of Portland, in case it pulls a St. Helens? Just dont let it go extinct! During the past two eruptive episodes, the vent was located
So Mauna Loa is active and restless but not eruptingat least, not yet. lifetimes, but, as Mount St. Helens taught us, it is best to be prepared. The name was possibly inspired by an 1890 work of author Frederic Balch, although Balch does not use it himself. Most pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and
The route goes east around Crater Rock and crosses the Coalman Glacier on the Hogsback, a ridge spanning from Crater Rock to the approach to the summit. Indonesias Mount Sinabung was erupting Tuesday, sending volcanic materials as high as 5,000 meters (16,400 feet) into the sky and depositing ash on nearby villages. [22][23], Two French explorers from the Hudson's Bay Company may have traveled into the Dog River area east of Mount Hood in 1818. What is the difference between an active volcano, a dormant volcano, and an extinct volcano? Credit and Larger Version, Gray volcanic deposits form ridges along the southeast and southwest flanks of Mount Hood. And many of these are far more volcanically active than Yellowstone! [61] Incidents in May 1986, December 2006, and December 2009 attracted intense national and international media interest. Vancouver, WA 98683 Hood was going to erupt, we would expect to see a rise in unusual seismic activity at the volcano, and that is precisely what we are witnessing. Threat Potential:Very High*. However, the local time is also given as a reference for what local residents experience. Mount Hood--History and Hazards of Oregon's Most Recently Active PNSN coordinates are referenced to the WGS84 ellipsoid. The rescue season on Mount Hood began just four days before Stevens's fall, on January 22. . or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. The study involved scientists at OSU and the University of California, Davis. There are many volcanic systems, however, that can go quiet for thousands of years and then reawaken. Official websites use .gov Two months later, a Mr. Belden claimed to have climbed the mountain during a hunting trip and determined it to be 19,400ft (5,900m) upon which "pores oozed blood, eyes bled, and blood rushed from their ears." Seeing what he had done, he erected three mountain peaks to mark where each fell. significant quantities of snow and ice to produce lahars that flow down river
"Some comes out the top, but in the case of Mount Hood it doesn't blow the mountain to pieces.". David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory
Mount Hood's last major eruption occurred in the 1790's not long before
Minor eruptive activity was observed during the mid-19th century. Well start with perhaps the most confusing of these terms: active. Most volcanologists would say that a volcano or volcanic field that has erupted within the Holocene (the current geologic epoch, which began at the end of the most recent ice age about 11,650 years ago), or that has the potential to erupt again in the future, should be considered active. This does not mean that the volcano is erupting right now, although such a volcano would certainly qualify as active. Rather, it means that the volcano has a youthful magmatic system, and if it is not erupting now, it could be in the future. But if Mt. triggered by eruptive activity. debris avalanches and were accompanied by lava extrusion, pyroclastic flows,
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. Klauea is an active volcano that is currently erupting. Plan what you and your family will do if a hazardous volcanic event occurs. Seismicity at Mount Hood is primarily characterized by fairly intense swarms of micro-earthquakes which typically occur about 4 to 7 km south of the summit. Mount Hood : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the characteristics of the volcano itself. "It seems that by being more active in social media, PMR created a solid presence in the . Major, and Thomas C. Pierson, Graphics by Bobbie Myers, Lisa Faust, and Christine Janda; Web layout by Carolyn Donlin. Despite the physical consistency, the estimated elevation of Mount Hood has varied substantially over the years, as seen in the following table: Early explorers on the Columbia River estimated the elevation to be 10,000 to 12,000ft (3,000 to 3,700m). Mark Floyd, OSU, (541) 737-0788, email: mark.floyd@oregonstate.edu *To reduce render time, queries have the following limits. Whatever your interests, Mt. It is located about 50mi (80km) east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties. These swarms usually last from a few hours to a couple of days and have had as many as 50 well located earthquakes and as few as 4. Will it always be this tranquil? Could Mt. Hood Be The First Volcano To Erupt On The West Coast? have a history of violent explosive eruptions. [63] 3.4percent of search and rescue missions in 2006 were for mountain climbers.[64]. But it wont stay that way. steam vents, or fumaroles, near Crater Rock attest to heat below. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS. Elevation changes since the 1950s are predominantly due to improved survey methods and model refinements of the shape of the Earth (see vertical reference datum). These status terms depend heavily on knowledge of the geological deposits of volcanoes, which are a window into their eruption histories, so often additional research is needed before any assessments can be made with confidence. Mount St. Helens, for example, was dormant from about 11,000 years ago to about 4,000 years ago, after which time it has erupted very frequently. Geoscientist Adam Kent considers results of studies of magma beneath Oregon's Mount Hood. The lahar spread out over the delta
The lahar crossed the Columbia
There are no trails to the summit, with even the "easier" southside climbing route constituting a technical climb with crevasses, falling rocks, and often inclement weather. Klauea is an active volcano that is currently erupting. Below is a time-depth plot of earthquakes located directly under Mount Hood since 2010. unnecessary travel. Mount Hood's next eruption is much more likely to be smaller than or
eruption ends. The volcano erupted on February 16th and has had bursts of activity ever since. However, there have been some occasional earth tremors from the mountain. Measure of the energy released in an earthquake, obtained from interpretation of seismograms. Over time, the knowledge might go dormant in your brain, but it could spring back to life when you need it. I have published thousands of articles onThe Economic Collapse Blog,End Of The American DreamandThe Most Important News, and the articles that I publish on those sites are republished on dozens of other prominent websites all over the globe. river valleys than live on the volcano's flanks. [35], Modern height surveys also vary, but not by the huge margins seen in the past. Although it doesnt receive as much attention as Mt. Eliot Glacier is the largest glacier by volume at 73,000acreft (0.09km3), and has the thickest depth measured by ice radar at 361ft (110m). Even smaller earthquakes can sometimes be detected and located though some also are missed. might also be accompanied by changes in composition or temperature of fumarole
A45-minute earthquake swarmreported this week near Oregons Mount Hood has the U.S. Geological Survey offering explanations and reassurance the volcano is not becoming more active. Mt. [13], Mount Hood is within the Mount Hood National Forest, which comprises 1,067,043 acres (1,667sqmi; 4,318km2) of land, including four designated wilderness areas that total 314,078 acres (491sqmi; 1,271km2), and more than 1,200mi (1,900km) of hiking trails. inundation areas for lahars of a size similar to lahars that swept through the Sandy River
Keep in mind that the PNSN earthquake recording and processing system changed in very major ways starting in 2012 and thus there can be small biases or changes introduced in event detection, location and size. and in river valleys can be reworked to form lahars for many years after an
We are being told that theReykjanes volcano could erupt at literally any moment. Mt Hood is the highest point in Oregon at 11.230 feet (3,425 meters) and the fourth highest peak in the Cascade Range. See theblog for more details. Longitude:121.695 W The resulting lahar moved downvalley at 25 to 35 miles per hour. What you might be less aware of is that Mount Hood is an active volcano and could, potentially, reawaken and erupt, just like Mount St. Helens did 36 years ago. COOPERATING ORGANIZATIONS
Cascade Volcanoes - Wikipedia Take Mount Thielsen, in Oregon. one lives, works, and plays in relation to Mount Hood's hazard zones. Mount Hood is located on the boundary between Oregon's Clackamas and Hood River Counties, approximately 80 km east-southeast of Portland. Except that its not unheard of for volcanoes that are considered extinct to occasionally erupt! Below you will find an epicenter map, time-depth plot and seismicity plot for a region around Mount Hood for the three decades, 1980 - 2010 that shows typical or background levels of earthquakes in this region. More extensive explainations of Mount Hood swarms is contained in a blog posting about a swarm in 2019and more recently and slightly to the east a swarm in January 2021. This work involves the use of space-based technologies, like Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, as well as ground-based techniques, like microgravity surveys. It's not even that unlikely. On the steep upper slopes of
"For Mount Hood, the threshold seems to be about 750 degrees (C)if it warms up just 50 to 75 degrees above that, it greatly decreases the viscosity of the magma and makes it easier to mobilize." Since 1977
Connect with us online [38][39][40] However, numerous others place the peak's height one foot lower, at 11,239ft (3,426m). [20], There are other versions of the legend. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Flooding after failure of this
The smaller this number, the more reliable the calculated horizontal position of the earthquake. Following a pause in activity on Tuesday and Wednesday, another magnitude 3.2 earthquake occurred at 3:56 am PST Thursday (Jan. 14, 1999), followed by a magnitude 3.0 earthquake at 8:13 am PST. Today, the mountain is cold and quiet. Mount Hood is famous for being the highest point in Oregon and the fourth-highest in the Cascade Range. The Mount Hood forest is home to approximately 1,000mi (1,600km) of trails. "Monitoring gases and seismic waves, and studying ground deformation through GPS, are a few of the techniques that could tell us that things are warming.". Polallie Creek. Lahars could affect transportation corridors by damaging or destroying bridges and roads. Our stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Mount Hood is a potentially active volcano, and the highest peak in Oregon State. Here in the United States, the corporate media largely ignores these developments, and government officials continue to insist that everything is going to be just fine. Using the tools in this panel you can control the earthquakes shown on the map. Active, dormant, and extinct: Clarifying confusing classifications Today, the mountain is cold and quiet. The largest quake, a magnitude 5.6 on the Richter scale, occurred on the morning of February 24. Credit and Larger Version, New studies indicate that magma beneath Mount Hood, other volcanoes, could liquefy in a short time. DEIJ Policy | Ethics Policy | Privacy Policy. Activity at the volcano in North Sumatra province increased over the past week, with authorities recording 13 times when it released ash clouds. The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of volcanoes in a volcanic arc in western North America, extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California, a distance of well over 700 miles (1,100 km). Hood has some very humid months, and slightly dry months in the opposite season. A portion of the Pacific Crest Trail is coincident with the Timberline Trail on the west side of Mount Hood. About 100,000 years ago, a large portion of the volcano's north flank and
NSF News: nsf.gov/news They reported climbing to a glacier on "Montagne de Neige" (Mountain of Snow), probably Eliot Glacier. uncertainties when Mount Hood reawakens. [8], During the last major glacial event between 29,000 and 10,000 years ago, glaciers reached down to the 2,600-to-2,300ft (790-to-700m) level, a distance of 9.3mi (15.0km) from the summit. [11], The mountain has six ski areas: Timberline, Mount Hood Meadows, Ski Bowl, Cooper Spur, Snow Bunny, and Summit. Credit and Larger Version, Media Contacts Hood Rapid melting of snow and glacier ice by pyroclastic flows can generate large lahars that race down river valleys. Updated by the minute, our Dallas Cowboys NFL Tracker: News and views and moves inside The Star and around the league . Mount Hood is a "potentially active" stratovolcano that forms a part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc and is situated in the US's Pacific Northwest region. Speaking of Europe, the most active volcano on the entire continent has erupted seven times in the past two weeks. Soc. The glaciers declined by an average of 34percent from 1907 to 2004. Mt. Hood & The Columbia River Gorge | Things to See & Do - Travel Oregon The windiest month is July, followed by June and August. July's average wind speed of around 10.7 knots (12.3 MPH or 19.8 . Annie Fast, Author July 29, 2019 (Updated June 9, 2022) Advertisements When it comes to the abundance of outdoor activities during the summer on Mt. In recent years, earthquake activity has been on the rise all over the planet. Mike Poland is a research geophysicist with the Cascades Volcano Observatory and the Scientist-in-Charge of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. outbursts of glacial water. All three might be considered extinct, since none have erupted in the Holocene, but we know that magma is present beneath all three caldera systems because of geophysical unrest (including seismicity and ground deformation) and/or hydrothermal activity. Volcanism occurs at Mount Hood and other Cascades arc volcanoes because of the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate off the western coast of North America. Over three quarters of the earthquakes that were located at Mount Hood during the 1990s occurred in these types of swarms. Large earthquake ruptures can take many seconds to finish. Hopefully this terminology is now active within your head. Now, locals are working to blow the soot away. The largest event in the roughly 15 sequences during the 1990s varied from M=1.6 to M=3.5. Cowboys Miss On Kicker; Sign Gould? Jerry Reveals Plan During these very challenging times, people will need hope more than ever before, and it is our goalto share the gospel of Jesus Christwith as many people as we possibly can. That mountain is all that remains of a volcano that might have once looked like Mount Hood does today, but it last erupted about 300,000 years ago, and since that time erosion has worn away much of the ancient volcanos cone. The most recent major eruptive period began in 1780 and . What is Mount Hood known for? Mike's area of specialization is volcano geodesy, which emphasizes the surface deformation and gravity fields associated with volcanic activity. though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. In the 1780s, the volcano rumbled to life with such force that it sent high-speed avalanches of hot rock, gas and ash down its slopes. The sheer size of these systems is also important, since big volcanic systems tend to experience long periods of inactivity between eruptions. A full day itinerary for making the most of an active summer day on Mt. Unfortunately, the end of an eruption doesn't always mean the end of
[62] Around 50 people require rescue per year. On the south side of the volcano, the scar from a 1,500-year-old debris
NSF supports research and people by providing facilities, instruments and funding to support their ingenuity and sustain the U.S. as a global leader in research and innovation. News Release 14-024 Volcanoes, including Mount Hood in the US, can quickly become active Magma stored for thousands of years can erupt in as little as two months Researchers have discovered that volcanoes can go from dormant to active very quickly. An Active Summer Day At Timberline on Mt. Hood - Travel Oregon #95, 818-832) studied the early swarms in great detail. Their great anger led to their transformation into volcanoes. These are volcanoes that will not erupt again. Mount Hood does not have a history of large explosive eruptions. Take Mount Thielsen, in Oregon. contacts, http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0948616&HistoricalAwards=false, http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0838389&HistoricalAwards=false, http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?org=NSF&cntn_id=117434&preview=false. The volcano has grown in fits
For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the characteristics of the volcano itself. What will those
Hopefully this terminology is now active within your head. The researchers hope to apply these techniques to other, larger volcanoes to see if they can determine the potential for shifting from cold storage to potential eruption--a development that might bring scientists a step closer to being able to forecast volcanic activity. The largest event in a swarm usually does not occur at the beginning (such as a main shock-after shock sequence). The instruments were installed at four different locations on the mountain, including: The proposed locations were in a protected wilderness area, tightly controlled by the United States Forest Service. How well the given earthquake location predicts the observed phase arrivals (in seconds). Tel: (360) 993-8900, Fax: (360) 993-8980
DB, which
If there is evidence for magma beneath the groundfor example, as indicated by magma-related seismicity and/or ground deformation, or by an active hydrothermal systemthen the volcano should be considered active but currently dormant, regardless of the time since its last eruption. event, although large by Mount Hood's standards, was only about one-tenth the
While not erupting, Mount Hood shows signs that it is a functioning, active volcano. Today, the volcano, a prominent backdrop against Portland, Ore., is eerily silent. Location:Oregon, Clackamas/Hood River Counties But if Mt. Contact Editor Christina Lords for questions: info@idahocapitalsun.com. harm's way once an eruption starts. Renewed activity at most volcanoes begins with increasing numbers of
Deadly debris flows would reach Gresham and the Columbia River in about three hours. In the mid-1800's, local
[55] It has convenient access, though it presents some technical climbing challenges. It is located around 50 miles east of Portland. formed by this event traveled the length of the Sandy River valley, depositing
Geologists have informally stated that Mt. For most residents, however,
Cynthia A. Gardner, William E. Scott, Jon J. Mount Hood is more than 500,000 years old. Scientists discover reason for Mt. Hood's non-explosive nature We called this the Falls Mountain, or Timm Mountain." Kiss your ski season goodbye: Resorts and little towns like Zigzag would be obliterated by avalanches and pyroclastic flows (currents of hot gas and rock that can move at 50 mph and reach 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit). Klauea is an active volcano that is currently erupting. Lahars pose the greatest hazard because more people live downstream in lahar-prone
Mount Hood is an active volcano that is currently dormant. This can point out periods when more earthquakes were located in a swarm such early in 2012, three different ones small ones in 2014 and a short but intense one in May of 2016. The minimum magnitude to plot is selected by the slider. It is home to 12 glaciers. continuously monitor Mount Hood for signs of unrest and are in communication with responsible
Instead, lava flows (see
While it last erupted in 1907 and still has active fumaroles, it is now considered a dormant volcano. The height assigned to Mount Hood's snow-covered peak has varied over its history. In addition to being Oregon's highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest . volcanoes and the hazards they pose at the USGS
Non-erupting volcanoes that have experienced eruptions in the Holocene would then be considered potentially active examples include Mount Hood in Oregon, Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Fuji in Japan, and Katla in Iceland. More information at: To reduce load times, the list is not rendered for large queries. Mount Hood is Oregon's highest peak and an active volcano of the Cascade Range. Few of these pyroclastic flows have traveled more
Volcanologists use that term as shorthand for potentially active, so a dormant volcano is one that is not erupting now, but that is considered active because it could erupt in the future. This does not mean that the volcano is erupting right now, although such a volcano would certainly qualify as active. A simple search for the terms online produces a number of contradictory results. When Mount Hood's magma first rose up through the crust into its present-day chamber, it cooled and formed crystals. It was the loudest in a swarm that continues to rattle residents in the nearby capital city of Reykjavk and the municipalities around it, where two-thirds of the Icelandic population lives. The Hogsback terminates at a bergschrund where the Coalman Glacier separates from the summit rock headwall. tephra will be a nuisance and can be mitigated by such actions as shutting down and covering
U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
and starts, with decades to centuries of frequent eruptions separated by quiet
Follow Idaho Capital Sun on Facebook and Twitter. Here is a map of Mount Hood showing the epicenters (color coded by depth) for the Mount Hood area (including the likely non-volcanic sources just to the south of the mountain) since 2010. Those flows quickly melted the snow and ice and mixed with the meltwater to create violent slurries as thick as concrete that traveled huge distances. Our stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Mount Hood is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc. Volcanoes, including Mount Hood in the US, can quickly become active near Crater Rock. This
Typically, the 40.7mi (65.5km) hike is snow-free from late July until the autumn snows begin. and the other about 200 years ago. Some volcanologists add qualifiers to these terms for example, a "long-dormant system" might refer to a volcano that has not erupted in thousands of years, while a "recently active system" might have erupted a few . shown on the map were determined on the basis of distance from the volcano,
growth and collapse of lava domes and generation of lahars have dominated Mount
For some of these volcanoes, it may be that we dont know enough about their geologic history to say with certainty whether they have erupted in the Holocene the data dont exist to say one way or the other. Swarms of these types of events are fairly common on many volcanoes. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [60], As of May 2002, more than 130 people had died in climbing-related accidents since records have been kept on Mount Hood, the first in 1896. NSF website: nsf.gov For the nearby community, see, Location relative to other Oregon volcanoes, Most likely to erupt based on history; see, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Mount HoodHistory and Hazards of Oregon's Most Recently Active Volcano", "Table of United States Peaks by Spire Measure", "Volcano Hazards in the Mount Hood Region, Oregon", "National Historic Landmarks ProgramTimberline Lodge", "Beat the Heat: Summer Skiing on Oregon's Mount Hood", "Anthropologist dispelling myths with plankhouse talk", "Naming the Cascade Range Volcanoes: Mount Adams, Washington", "The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark October 1805 to June 1806: Introduction", "Recent Eruptive History of Mount Hood, Oregon, and Potential Hazards from Future Eruptions", "The Danger of Collapsing Lava Domes: Lessons for Mount Hood, Oregon", "Cascade Range Current Update for June 29, 2002", "Current Alerts for U.S. Volcanoes: Cascade Range Volcanoes", "We're Barely Listening to the U.S.'s Most Dangerous VolcanoesA thicket of red tape and regulations have made it difficult for volcanologists to build monitoring stations along Mount Hood and other active volcanoes", "Three new monitoring stations installed at Mount Hood", "Mitchell's School atlas: comprising the maps and tables designed to accompany Mitchell's School and family geography", "Ice Volumes on Cascade Volcanoes: Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Three Sisters and Mount Shasta", "Spatial and morphologic change on Eliot Glacier, Mount Hood, Oregon, USA", "Timberline National Historic Trail #600", "Everything goes right in Mount Hood search", "Portland, OR: Mount Hood via the South Side Route", "Climbing Mount Hood: Southside Climbing Conditions June 9, 2007", "Mount Hood National Forest Technical Climbing", "Weighing the risks of climbing on Mount Hood", "Mount Hood: Climbing Oregon's Highest Peak", The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America, Highest natural points of U.S. states, district, and territories, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Hood&oldid=1147866625, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox mountain with language parameter, Articles with dead external links from August 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, U.S. National Geodetic Survey, 1986 measurement adjusted using.