I will add more features as people request them or as I get new ideas. This is an old version of Lexurgy. E.g. The study of when sound changes occur in a particular place and in what order the changes happen. You could also use rewrite rules to allow longer or mnemonic names for your categories. The Sound Change Applier 2 is an updated version of my C program which applies a set of sound changes to a lexicon. Sometimes dialects are "behind the times" when compared to others, and this will launch you into the wonder world of diachronics. For instance, the French and are now pronounced [] and [o]; in Modern Greek, the combinations <> and <> are pronounced [i]. Keep a date by your words to indicate when they were first incorporated into your language. Parabolic, suborbital and ballistic trajectories all follow elliptic paths. Palatalization is the shifting of a consonant towards the palate. SCA - sound change applier - help - Zompist.com To do: It takes some practice to be able to do this well, so don't worry too much if the final product isn't exactly the same as your draft. Notable members of the LCS are David J. Peterson, the creator of Dothraki, and John Quijada, who created Ithkuil. Sound changes are hard to get right the first try, and it can take a lot of tinkering and experimentation to produce the results you want. A nice geographic split (that may or may not actually mean much), much like that which exists within Indo-European languages. coser 'to sew'. Thanks for contributing an answer to Constructed Languages Stack Exchange! However, it won't affect (say) achior, One or more elements in the environment can be marked as optional with parentheses. Privacy Policy. This is better if you have, say, a parent language with several daughters each with their own sound change file. He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. For instance, But which one do most people use? Again, this is a feature very common in the French language. (In English, -tion turn verbs into nouns, -ify turn nouns into verbs, other amazing examples here ) Go ahead and give some examples, by combining some roots with each other and with inflections! file. It uses Python, which you'll need to install to be able to use it; most Linices should have it already installed. I didnt use * because a) its very computery and b) people may have used it in their sound changes and I didnt want to break them. Categories: This causes alternations between /s/ and /r/ in some words' inflected forms: Flower is flos in the nominative singular, but floris in the genitive. Most of the time these slight differences are just noise and you go back to saying everything the same as before, but sometimes you make those mistakes often enough that they start to become a consistent part of your speech. gitlab. The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It can produce output for the Sound Change Applier or for gen, the lexical generator. @AntonSherwood I don't think the intermediate steps have ever been reconstructed, but as far as I'm aware, *d became r (which isn't unusual), the labiovelar glide *w turned into velar k, and e was an epenthetic vowel inserted for phonotactic reasons. can assist in debugging rules, since it causes the output to show exactly what rules applied to each word. Sit back in astoundment how you've just discovered several sound change rules! It suggests further reading for those who want to know more and shortcuts for those who want to know less. Every week, the hosts George Corley, Bianca Richards (ne Mangum), William S. Annis, David J. Peterson and Mike Lentine, as well as the occasional guest talk about a conlanging- or linguistics-related topic one week and feature a conlang or natlang the next. It comes from adding onto . The most infamous examples are the ruki rule, where [s] became [] but only after [r, w, k, j] (? You could write extra rules to handle the digraphs; but it's often more convenient Assimilation is another frequent sound change. or the vocabulary in between runs. The Yasgheld (/'jz.gld/) sound change applier is a project to create a sound-change applier to assist historical conlangers with consistent sound changes. Back to .sc will collect the text in the input boxes and place them in Sound Changes. Z=bdg @AntonSherwood this article has one such proposal: New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. I use A as any low vowel and I as any high vowel but I'm not sure how universal these are. A warning though: so they operate quickly, the rewrite rules are global and non-contextual. -f directs output to the output file only, I'm not asking what sound changes are or how they work; just what I can do to begin using them on my own language. You can compare this to the Kebreni grammar in Virtual Verduria. All I can think of to Make your vowels become other vowels and keep me guessing. The second is suitable for use in a dictionary with the etymology in brackets. To use command line parameters you have to have a command line. The /, In Japanese, the pronunciation of as /, In some American English dialects, the diphthong /. Another possible inconsistency for sound changes is that more frequent words are more subject to changes. Derive words throughout the timeline and preserve changes in history. conlang.tools is a cohesive conlanging toolset with a focus on naturalistic language creation and evolution. Currently I have a completed phonology, most of the grammar, and I'm beginning the lexicon. The z part must always contain While there are general patterns, it's also important to note that some sound changes seem completely illogical and random, and just sort of happen. means to replace u with o, but only at the end of the word. Lateral consonants + Palatal click. degemination (making single consonants from double consonants). The change is minor, but enough that speakers no longer remember that they were once the same word, unless they are well-educated. Conlang/Intermediate/History/Common sound changes "Save as type" dropdown to "All files" instead of "Text documents". Assimilation is by far the most important sound change. Nothing, because the words can be differentiated by context; so they will become homophones. simply edit the source and output files with an editor, using that Sound change also has no memory. erickcan/sound-change-applier - Github For instance, if you voice intervocalic rather than to both the screen and the file. The infinitive "poder" (can) is usually pronounced /pode/, but as a noun, "poder" (power) is pronounced /poder/, even colloquially. insufficient vowel reduction) another 35% of the time. SCA treats spaces as word boundaries. The rules can be written in any of the following forms: where x becomes y when x is between a and b. Curate this topic Add this topic to your repo . E.g. How do you determine a New Letter's sound? (Note: this is beta code; report errors to me at markrose at zompist.com.) At year 800, /atek/ means nasty and /tul/ means extremely but /ategetul/ means 'very gross food'. There are a lot of real world examples of these specific rules if you want your language to be as realistic as possible! says to delete voiced stops between vowels. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. 'to cook', since the original cocer has merged with [ejmbow], [kokoa]). Output format tells how you want each line of the output to look like. Are there any SCAs beside RSCA that can reconstruct backwards? A line beginning with * The latest version is here! This word exhibits sounds that did not change with rule B. Sound change appliers : r/conlangs - Reddit For instance, sounds will take Using it, you can compare and contrast phonotactic patterns in different languages, group languages by features, investigate the frequencies of different settings for different features, and view the areal distribution of such patterns through the use of the interactive map.. Additionally, capital letters usually refer to a class of sounds. TriSCA - a new web-based sound change applier. For more information, please see our and the sound changes for Kebreni (right-click!). It interacts with Google Maps to show geographical diffusion and concrete examples. . s-> /_# applies to secundus at 7, -b prints the output By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. phonix, a feature-based sound-change applier. This is a common type of assimilation. says to change u to include explanation of the X -> Y / Z notation. (1999), which I would recommend to anyone interested in the subject. (Spaces between >, ->, => and / are insignificant.). historical linguistics - Across West Germanic Languages, what sound You can use it to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. I don't see how this can be made less broad. See the enclosed LICENSE file for the full text of the license. Sounds: The Sound Change Applier - Zompist.com The third gives the input and output words in order. Glottolog is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. Well talk about exactly what that means below. will be taken as a comment and ignored. Sound Change Applier - bloglang The extensions should be left off. E.g. Is there a set of sound change rules that undoes Grimm's law? You can examine the history of any Kind of a simplistic exercise, but it's a good method to start. files, including accented characters. A command-line sound change applier written in Python. This list will help you: cosmicos, tone, langua, pandunia, Conkey, sca, and bead. sound changes. It doesn't matter: the program I'm pretty tired and I may have been at a trivia night or two myself tonight, so I'll proofread this in the morning. We will evolve the child language by applying sound changes to the parent. Here are the three SCA's shown in this video:SCA2: https://www.zompist.com/sca2.htmlTriSCA: https://trimill.github.io/sca/Lexurgy: https://www.lexurgy.com/s. One of my works-in-progress is a language called Proto-Oreadin. In a sense - you can specify syllable boundaries in rules (using suprasegmental characters which carry that feature, such as stress marks, or by the feature itself), and in the reverse applier the possible antecedent words are limited by (optional) syllable structure definitions. If you don't like that progression, try another one. Language predictability is one person's goal and the thing another person avoids with all their effort, so be mindful of what you're aiming for and create accordingly. PHOIBLE Online is a repository of cross-linguistic phonological inventory data, which have been extracted from source documents and tertiary databases and compiled into a single searchable convenience sample. 101 examples on affix borrowing between languages. At year 800, introduce rule C that applies to all previous words, including new loan words. How do I set my page numbers to the same size through the whole document? For instance. In my example I used The middle (y) part can be blank, as in Link: https://trimill.github.io/sca/. At this point it hasn't received much testing or feedback, so I would appreciate any bug reports or suggestions submitted via an issue on GitHub. The environment (the z part) can contain variables, like V above. For instance, you may wonder whether the .lex file should be About SCA Geoff's Sound Change Applier, SCA hereafter, is a program which applies rule-based transformations to strings of Unicode text. You can apply these rules in certain contexts or in very instance. Conlang.org, LCS, is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs and anything else to do with conlanging. F=ie Some of the most common general processes are: Lenition, probably one of the most common sound changes, in which a "softer" sound becomes a "louder" sound. This basic structure can be expanded for more tricky rules. So the variable definition and rule as input for the next round of changes). The resulting output file is suitable for use as a new .lex file. (e.g. TypeIt is a free web-based keyboard which enable the full International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA, and some extensions to it, to be simply copy-pasted. Cookie Notice Keyboard layout editors allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems. Sound changes are born every time we speak. Let them go through changes over time and keep a record of the steps (and the years these intermediary words were used). We have also added the hash to the second half of the equation, which indicates a word boundary (either initial or final). to each word: 48. r/conlangs. Remnants of Germanic umlaut can be seen in English, e.g. This means that s is deleted when it ends a word. They can get confused by any change that needs to happen in particular syllables, such as syllable-based syncope, or any change where the environment spans multiple syllables, such as umlaut. As you will see below, these terms are general: multiple terms may refer to the same phenomena. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? re-save the file as a real .lex file. Are you sure you want to create this branch? p/b/V_V To begin using this sound change applier, you just need to download the executable (.exe) file in the Releases page and use it through the command-line prompt: You can also clone this repo and use the sca.bat or sca.sh file: And if the following were passed into the command line. You can regularise these sounds over time. Is "I didn't think it was serious" usually a good defence against "duty to rescue"? A bunch of information on reduplication phenomena, tricky search interface. Look under Programs/Accessories and run Command Prompt. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. And of course, you're considering a whole family tree, so you're going to need to do this exercise multiple times. TriSCA - a new web-based sound change applier : r/conlangs - Reddit E.g. Is it possible? Some common changes that can form part of your repertoire (with some sample sounds rules): I pay particular attention to the havoc the sound changes are likely to wreak on the Load Sound Changes. if a case distinction is maintained in some words and lost in others, it may spread A few days ago I started work on an online sound change applier, similar to Mark Rosenfelder's SCA2. you could define S to be any stop, or K for any coronal, or whatever. e//C_rV the correct pronunciation of the word 60% of the time, and make only minor errors What is Wario dropping at the end of Super Mario Land 2 and why? Make sure the two variable definitions are the same length! The old SCA required that you use single characters instead. u/o/_# People will stop using one or the other word, replacing it with another construct. cd c:\downloads\. Please note: right-click on the links to SCA - Sound Change Applier. This is a Javascript program to implement sound changes. Hope this helps a few people. Similar ideas are umlaut and vowel harmony, in which vowels change depending on other vowels in the word. The members offer conlinguistic services and organises Language Creation Conferences for the conlanging community. The program will handle whatever you put into the .lex and .sc EDIT: (I actually tried installing Phonix but am currently having technical difficulties on a mac). About SCA Geoff's Sound Change Applier, SCA hereafter, is a program which applies rule-based transformations to strings of Unicode text. Conlang-L or Reddit or CBB would be forums better suited, but I do have some ideas that might serve to get you started. A command-line sound change applier written in Python. For example, the hypothetical spirantization of [b] to [v] intervocalically could be notated as follows: This rule indicates that b becomes v when surrounded by a vowel (V) on each side. If a nasal consonant disappears, the mark it left on the vowel may remain, causing nasal vowels to become phonemic. foot/feet, and vowel harmony is prominent in e.g. What should I follow, if two altimeters show different altitudes? omits the source word from the output, leaving only output words, like this: 'Gross' is /atek/, 'very gross' is /atekul/, and 'inedible food' is /ategetul/. Scan this QR code to download the app now. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms. Mark Rosenfelder, 2012. I'm curious, and also want to know if I should switch out of using Zompist, which I've been using for the past long time. By what means might the roots "let" and "ly" mean the same thing in a naturalistic conlang? Lexurgy's design philosophy sets it apart from other sound change appliers: Embrace revision. Or you can output HTML or ZBB BBCode. Sound change is nigh unstoppable. It was then up to you, using cut and paste, to save these in a file. certainly want to handle vowel length and stress. Landing Page | conlang.tools In another 300 years, the similarity will be a question at some bar's trivia night. It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languageswhich can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages. Two different questions only mildly related = too broad. The Conlang Atlas of Language Structures, CALS, is a conlanging analogy to the World Atlas of Language Structures, which is an editable atlas over linguistic features in conlangs, for statistics, linking to the corresponding articles at WALS. Latin did this, so that original flos and honos became flor and honor, to match their genitives floris and honoris. This page was last edited on 27 December 2021, at 19:37. Runs from the command line using Java and is easily configured with text files. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. One or more elements in the environment can be marked as optional with parentheses. What are the general categories of sound changes? It usually refers to consonants becoming voiced and moving down the type of articulation table closer to being a semivowel. and z is the environment. I think both answers have done a good job answering my question without leaving too much out. A boy can regenerate, so demons eat him for years. (There are some general rules that determine what this actually means, although it can vary between languages). Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. deletes an e between a consonant and an intervocalic r, This page is not available in other languages. It is also available on iTunes and you can now support them on Patreon. To do this, it applies some simple rules: If you dont want the input lexicon to go in your file, uncheck Files include input lexicon. I might between vowels. The words get "smoothed" like gravel at a beach or in a desert. So, for instance, the following rule is Sound Change Appliers : r/conlangs - Reddit phono - phonology creator - Zompist.com This means we can read this as "post-vocalic [x] becomes [h] in initial syllables only.". The word to be changed will refuse to change. intended to delete an i onset following an intervocalic consonant: You can define any variables needed to state your sound changes. This may be used to create a full lexicon or to simply pick the genereated words that appeal to you. The first option just prints each output word; this is good for generating a new list of words (e.g. Please correct any misinformation I have written, as I'm always willing to learn more. gen - language text generator - Zompist.com Eventually, other rules you discover are going to intersect and sometimes abrogate another law. Just as a comment, umlaut and vowel harmony are really just subsets of assimilation. ), Show differences from last run, if checked, will boldface any changes from the last run when you hit Apply. E.g., if a language had a sound change >that merged, say, /dZ/ and /Z/, how would it decide which one to >reconstruct? yourselfiegotleaked Jono . applies its changes to whatever you give it. In Latin, /s/ became /z/ between vowels (lenition), and /z/ then proceeded to become /r/. Turkish, where all of the vowels in a word have to harmonize (for the most part) so that affixes have several different forms (for example, the genitive suffix is [in] after front unrounded vowels, [n] after back unrounded vowels, [yn] after front rounded vowels, and [un] after back rounded vowels). $ . Consider the word . This would allow you to use (say) an IPA font. The first two non-control parameters are taken as filenames: Thorough documentation is available by pressing the "Help" button, and all the code is open-source and is available on GitHub under the GNU GPLv3 license. E.g. So, with the word opera and the rules. Now type cd plus the name of the directory To see the intermediate results, check Show intermediate results. Once you have a list of sound changes, you will want to go through the dictionary of the proto-language and apply those sound changes to every word there. (For instance, the orthography may only apply to the parent language.) It would be better to output a phonetic representation. compare it to is creating new animals indirectly, by mutating their DNA. The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures, APiCS, is similar to WALS but is just for pidgins and creoles. Similarly, I wrote the rules to output Four vowels, with no /i/ sound. Anyone who respects or admires you even if it's just your group of friends will start to subconsciously copy the way that you speak and that sound change will begin to spread. Allows a quick access to all symbols and diacritics of the Phonetic Alphabet as of 2005. You can apply these rules in certain contexts or in very instance. define the variables to match how you've set up the .lex ConLanging Resources - Google Docs explain particular environments and how they affect and restrict sound changes. Categories: C=ptkbdg R=rl V=ieaou. As an example, some varieties of Brazilian Portuguese delete final /r/ in verbs, but not in nouns or nominalized verbs. Sound change appliers are powerful and useful tools, but they can have trouble with certain kinds of changes. This is a type of assimilation. You should see several of the words change, now retaining their final s.). To help with this, some conlangers have written computer programs called Sound change appliers that automate much of this work for you. Are words based on acronyms treated differently when the language changes over time? need it on those occasions when I want to do some conlanging, which I haven't had much time for recently. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. N is any nasal. Parse .sc will parse the consolidated text in the Sound Changes text box into the appropriate input boxes. You can use sounds to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang , or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. E.g. > Regular expression syntax? This means that the stops ptc The Haedus Toolbox SCA is a very nice, phonetic segment-operating sound change applier created by Fiona Morrigan, a computational linguist and conlanger. You can write transformation rules at the beginning of your sound change list Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier and forum post here. The character # represents the beginning or end of the word. If at a certain point in time there are some sounds X in words, they all will change to Y even if some of them were W a few centuries ago while some have been X since the beginning of the language. This is a Javascript program to help build phonological inventories. The notation used is the same as in @Doorknob's answer above. Phonology is the set of rules that apply given certain conditions. Save Input Words. To answer part a), the basic syntax of the notation goes like this: The part after the slash gives the situations in which the sound changes occur. A minor scale definition: am I missing something? By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Any answers you have to these questions (or miscellaneous stuff about SCAs in general) would be greatly appreciated by me and, I think, the rest of the community! leitor It includes an online interface with descriptions of borrowed affixes in terms of their forms and functions, examples of combinations of borrowed affixes with native stems, search functions, maps, and over 230 bibliographical references.. ph/f/_. Conlang: Reversible sound change applier (Alex Fink, May 10 '06, 7:37) At year 700, apply word-final devoicing for obstruents (final voiced obstruents [consonants that block air like stops and affricates] become devoiced). These are defined at the top of the file. k/s/_F will merge. Don't feel limited to delete all /e/ after a consonant. That can be all there is, as in For an example, you can download a Is it possible to have consonant followed by Uvular sound. is there such a thing as "right to be heard"? I've looked at examples of natural languages, but I'm not sure what's going on with the notation, nor have I been able to identify any patterns that will help me create realistic sound changes for my languages. conlanging conlang vocabulary-builder conlang-lexicon Updated Oct 12, 2020; Kotlin; henry232323 / Anglish-Bot Star 3. the users of the language are likely to invent a new word to replace one of the homonyms. For instance, suppose youve defined. What differentiates living as mere roommates from living in a marriage-like relationship? That means running the program in a command window. (I encourage you to fill in the line as a comment, e.g. E.g. . It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. I've heard good things about Haedus, Phonix, RSCA, VSCA and many more. Don't feel limited to delete all /e/ after a consonant. S=ptc Did you accidentally erase all your work? This occurs when features of a given phoneme are influenced by the phonemes around it. I find myself running the program multiple times, tweaking the rules You may have noticed that applying sound changes to words is quite a tedious process. Wikipedia has a good reputation of having technical and well-sourced articles covering a wide span of both natural and constructed languages, as well as linguistic topics. Click this to save your output lexicon as a text file. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Geoff's Sound Change Applier - Conlang -p tells sounds to print out which rules apply means that c changes to i after a front vowel and before a t. You can use variables in the first two parts as well. Since it seems like you've got a handle on the basics and are really asking for a directional nudge, I'd suggest the following: Make a short list (maybe a dozen) of Proto-Language words and sort them by various characteristics: words that begin with a voiceless stop; words that contain a voiced stop followed by a syllabic liquid; words with an accented long vowel root. On Safari and Firefox, Undo will work as it should: you can make a change, hit Apply, and if you dont like the results, click on the text box you changed and select Undo.