Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly mutualistic, as endophytic fungi can potentially become pathogens or saprotrophs, usually when the plant is stressed. Corbaln-Vlez R, Martnez-Barba E, Lpez-Poveda MJ, Vidal-Abarca Gutirrez I, Ruz-Maci JA, Oviedo-Ramirez I, Martnez-Menchn T. Actas Dermosifiliogr. Ackerman LV. When the fungus is in the plant it synthesizes ergoline alkaloids at a higher rate, compared to when it is grown apart from the plant. Inter-observer variability in the diagnosis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: clinical implications for oral and maxillofacial surgeon understanding: a collaborative pilot study. 2016 Sep;43(9):759-65. doi: 10.1111/cup.12738. [31], Among the many promising applications of endophytic microbes are those intended to increase agricultural use of endophytes to produce crops that grow faster and are more resistant and hardier than crops lacking endophytes. Cabay RJ, Morton TH Jr, Epstein JB. Google Scholar. [43], Many endophytes protect plants from herbivory from both insects and animals by producing secondary metabolites that are either unappetizing or toxic to the herbivore. The eruption was These features impart a firm and rigid appearance at low magnification, which contrasts with the soft appearance of giant condyloma acuminatum. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma used to be considered synonymous, but accumulating evidence supports that these are distinct entities with different pathogenetic pathways. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2009 Aug;26(3):150-63. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2009.09.003. 2009;45(45):31723. [59] Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. C, Warty-basaloid HSIL is characterized by a verruciform architecture and basaloid epithelium with full-thickness atypia. National Library of Medicine Gonzlez-Moles M, Ruiz-vila I, Gonzlez-Ruiz L, et al. As a general rule, anogenital SK-like lesions with an undulating appearance (Figure 1, C), with or without pseudohorn cysts, are probably best treated as condyloma acuminatum, as opposed to those with a flat base.15, Pirog et al16,17 have found positive Ki-67 (MIB-1) immunostaining, defined as any cluster of at least 2 positive nuclei in the upper two-thirds of the epithelium, in all vulvar and anal condylomas examined, a finding that correlated well with positive HPV results by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. [15], Studies have shown that endophytic fungi grow in a very intimate interaction with their host plant cells. [18], There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. The basaloid tumor cells display high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and frequent mitoses at all levels of the epithelium (inset). Benign alveolar ridge keratosis: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 167 cases. London: Wiley; 1981. Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects,[32] even against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Davidova LA, Fitzpatrick SG, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Islam MN. [2] In exchange the endophyte receives carbon for energy from the plant host. Compact hyperkeratosis often fills the spaces between the verrucous projections (Figure 3, A).24,25,37 Fibrovascular cores tend to be thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. Condyloma acuminatum is caused by HPV infection, with HPV types 6 and 11 being the most prevalent.5 HPV 6 and 11 belong to the low-risk HPV group, which essentially has no risk for malignant progression. Type III clavicipitaceous endophytes grow within their plant host without manifesting symptoms of disease or harming their host. Oral mucosal lesions associated with smokers and chewersa casecontrol study in chennai population. Squamous Compared to the spiky papillae in verruca vulgaris (VV), the papillae in condyloma acuminatum have more rounded and undulating contours, with less robust hyperkeratosis (Figure 1, A). This cancer is classified into three subtypes (superficial, exophytic, and endophytic) based on macroscopic appearance. Given its papillomatous architecture and large size, many regarded giant condyloma acuminatum as a variant of verrucous carcinoma. ( C) The endophytic squamous proliferation shows no cytologic atypia. The papillae have mostly rounded tips and prominent fibrovascular cores. This is a bulky squamous proliferation, three to four times the thickness of the epithelium for the site, that is endophytic and/or exophytic in its growth pattern When verrucous carcinoma forms in your mouth, healthcare providers manage the condition as an oral cancer. Gillenwater AM, Vigneswaran N, Fatani H, Saintigny P, El-Naggar AK. 2015;19(2):198204. [29] As often with other organisms associated with plants such as mycorrhizal fungus, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. Epub 2020 Oct 16. PMC [8] Endophytes and plants often engage in mutualism, with endophytes primarily aiding in the health and survival of the host plant with issues such as pathogens and disease,[9] water stress, heat stress, nutrient availability and poor soil quality, salinity, and herbivory. All procedures performed in this retrospective data analysis involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board, which did not require informed consent. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the The rest of the keratinocytes appear normal. [42] These four groups are divided into clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 1) and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 2, 3, and 4). Figure 6Bowenoid papulosis. Seborrheic keratoses that contain human papillomavirus are condylomata acuminata, MIB-1 immunostaining is a beneficial adjunct test for accurate diagnosis of vulvar condyloma acuminatum, P16/CDKN2A and Ki-67 enhance the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma and correlate with human papillomavirus detection by polymerase chain reaction, Expression of p16 protein in lesional and perilesional condyloma acuminata and bowenoid papulosis: clinical significance and diagnostic implications, Detecting HPV in cutaneous lesions using anti-HPV antibody immunohistochemistry, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum: trends in epidemiology and management: report of a case and review of the literature, Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) of the anorectal and perianal regions: analysis of 42 cases, Giant condyloma acuminata of the inguinal region, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the scrotum, bilateral groins, and suprapubic region: a treatment and reconstruction challenge, Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and the potential role of low-risk types in verrucous carcinoma, Anal verrucous carcinoma is not related to infection with human papillomaviruses and should be distinguished from giant condyloma (Buschke-Lwenstein tumour), Rapidly invasive Buschke-Lwenstein tumor associated with human papillomavirus types 6 and 52, Giant condyloma versus verrucous carcinoma: a case report, Morphologic and biologic studies on ten cases of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva supporting the theory of a discrete clinico-pathologic entity. The endophytic type SCP can cause differential diagnostic difficulties with keratoacanthom WebVerrucous carcinoma is a type of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that can develop in your gums and cheeks the oral cavity as well as your genitals and feet. Vulvar acanthosis with altered differentiation: a precursor to verrucous carcinoma? WebHistologically, it is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium with few atypical cells. Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath Cerero-Lapiedra R, Balade-Martinez D, Moreno-Lopez LA, Esparza-Gomez G, Bagan JV. There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that Victor Galippe discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous to plants and are mainly members of Ascomycota or their mitosporic fungi, and some taxa of Basidiomycota, Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Histopathologically, verrucous carcinoma is a well-demarcated verrucous squamous proliferation with bulbous rete ridges that push, rather than infiltrate, into the underlying stroma (Figure 3, A). Oral Oncol. Bulky squamous epithelial proliferation with an exophytic and/or endophytic growth pattern (the former often associated with corrugated/verrucous/papillary architecture). These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. B, Large spinous keratinocytes contain abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and bland nuclei. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. No external funding was obtained for this study, with support from institutional review boards and the sponsoring societies. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2007;36(5):25561. 2004;33(2):6570. Conclusion: Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). Woo SB. Ancillary tools available for identifying and genotyping human papillomavirus can aid in diagnosis when histopathologic findings are inconclusive. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. WebSQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA In-situ - the second most common type of skin cancer caused from sun exposure, warts, or areas of old wounds. Villa A, Menon RS, Kerr AR, et al. Biopsy shows an endophytic squamous cell proliferation extending to the deep margin. [26][27] Many endophytes are in the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. PubMed 2004;40(4):4403. Pentenero M, Meleti M, Vescovi P, Gandolfo S. Oral proliferative verrucous leucoplakia: are there particular features for such an ambiguous entity? Background: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is highly diverse, even in its early stages. Oral Dis. Squamous cell-like skin proliferations: Differential diagnosis Main differential diagnoses and their characteristics: [1] Invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of 1. A, Portion of a large, mostly exophytic, and papillomatous lesion with a cauliflower-like silhouette. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Observer variability in the histologic assessment of oral premalignant lesions. Surgery. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides. 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Current agriculture relies heavily on fungicides and high levels of chemical fertilizers. [23], However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features and etiopathogenesis of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, with an emphasis on their morphologic similarities and unique characteristics that help in their distinction. [4] Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes are typically considered clonal and transmit via fungal hyphae penetrating the embryo within the host's seeds, while reproduction of the fungi through asexual conidia or sexual spores leads to horizontal transmission, where endophytes may spread between plants in a population or community. 2017;83(5):58593. Krishnan L, Karpagaselvi K, Kumarswamy J, et al. The most comprehensive study reported 35 cases of penile papillary SCC, most of which occurred on the glans with or without involvement of the coronal sulcus and foreskin.51 The tumors form white-grey, irregular masses with serrated surfaces. Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue Woodland Hills, CA, 91364, Woodland Hills, USA, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA, Sarah G. Fitzpatrick,Indraneel Bhattacharyya,Mohammed N. Islam&Donald M. Cohen, Atlanta Oral Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA, Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA, Section of Diagnostic Sciences, Department of Applied Dental Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, IL, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, USA, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Centro Clnico de Cabeza y Cuello, Patologa Divisin, Guatemala City, Guatemala, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Department of Pathology, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Department of Pathology, MUSC Health-University Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA, Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, You can also search for this author in [28] One group of fungal endophytes are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involving biotrophic Glomeromycota associated with various plant species. [24] Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA),[25] and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. 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Cornejo, MD, Lloyd Hutchinson, PhD, Patrick O'Donnell, DO, Xiuling Meng, MD, Keith Tomaszewicz, BS, MT(ASCP), Sara C. Shalin, MD, PhD, David S. Cassarino, MD, May P. Chan, MD, Timothy R. Quinn, MD, Paul B. Googe, MD, Rosalynn M. Nazarian, MD, Ridhi Sood, MBBS, MD, Debajyoti Chatterjee, MBBS, MD, DM, Pinaki Dutta, MBBS, MD, DM, Bishan Dass Radotra, MBBS, MD, MAMS, PhD, Gurpal Bisra, MMOR, MSc, BASc, Brigette Rabel, MLT, Nick van der Westhuizen, MB, FRCPC, Jing Wang, MD, PhD, Yan Peng, MD, PhD, Hongxia Sun, MD, PhD, Phyu P. Aung, MD, PhD, Erika Resetkova, MD, PhD, Clinton Yam, MD, MS, Aysegul A. Sahin, MD, Lei Huo, MD, PhD, Qingqing Ding, MD, PhD, Abha Goyal, MD, Christine N. Booth, MD, Rhona J. Souers, MS, Sana O. Tabbara, MD, Janie Roberson, SCT(ASCP), Michael R. Henry, MD, Kaitlin E. Sundling, MD, PhD, Kelly Goodrich, CT(ASCP), Lananh Nguyen, MD, Mohammed Amer Swid, MD, Liping Li, MD, Erin M. Drahnak, BS, Hayden Idom, BS, William Quinones, MD, Jianhong Li, MD, Myra L. 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Histopathologically, VV is characterized by marked verruciform acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. The keratinocytes are bland and without koilocytic change. Cancer. The constellation of marked hyperkeratosis, spiky papillae, and convergence of elongated rete ridges allows for distinction of VV from condyloma acuminatum. [20] Specific endophyte species can also stimulate root growth by increasing the flux of auxin to where the endophyte is. A, A typical papillomatous papule with only mild hyperkeratosis. Subject: Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region, (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). [42], Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes represent a polyphyletic group of organisms. The lesions demonstrated the spectrum of histologic features described in PVL, and in some cases, patients developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). J Cutan Pathol. 2017;18(12):32514. Endophytes also provide their hosts with an increased resilience to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, poor soils and herbivory. WebFollow-up ranged from 15 to 73 months. Differentiated exophytic vulvar intraepithelial lesion Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability in the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia.