Her message of love and compassion, and her universal promise of help and protection to all mankind, as well as the story of the apparitions, are described in the "Nican . Each year, as many as 10 million people travel to the shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City, in what is believed to be the largest Catholic pilgrimage in the Americas.Due to COVID-19 . Head of the ACI Prensa Office in Mexico since 2018. Since 1531, the Roman Catholic Church has investigated these reports and offered approval to multiple sites where bishops believe miracles occurred, such as Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico. [10][55], Under Pope John Paul II the move to beatify Juan Diego intensified. The tilma has shown characteristics startlingly like a living human body. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Accessed 11 August 2017. This year it felt like a zombie apocalypse movie.. "[53], A different crown was installed to the image. And they now come to visit from very far away, as far away as before, which is also suspicious, because everywhere there are many churches of Our Lady and they do not go to them. The image of the Virgin is formed on a cloth made out of plant fibers, an agave called 'ixotl.' Both are sacred objects, hundreds of years old, and both depict an image said to be miraculous. The first apparition occurred on the morning of Saturday, 9 December 1531 (Julian calendar, which is December 19 on the (proleptic) Gregorian calendar in present use). Your church at Tepeyac built on the site of her temple" (128).[127]. "NASA Found An Icon With A Temperature Of 36.6 And A Pulse." Chvez was blunt: The image doesn't float, rather it's imprinted on the tilma.. The second miracle was the explosion of a bomb near the Tilma in 1921. Krauze, Enrique. The robe is spangled with a small gold quatrefoil motif ornamented with vines and flowers, its sleeves reaching to her wrists where the cuffs of a white undergarment appear. It was written sometime after 1556. Beyond the mandorla to the right and left is an unpainted expanse, white in color with a faint blue tinge. A new discovery raises a mystery. [23] The image of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared on the rebels banners, and the rebels battle cry was Long Live Our Lady of Guadalupe. During a religious revival in Mexico in the late 19th century, preachers declared that the foundation of Mexico could be dated to the time of the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe, because she freed the people from idolatry and reconciled the Spanish and indigenous peoples in a common devotion. The long-anticipated journey to Rome of a delegation of Indigenous peoples to meet Pope Francis has been postponed. Mexico, Biography of Power. WOMEN WHO MAKE THEIR OWN WORLDS: THE LIFE AND WORK OF ESTER HERNNDEZ., LaDuke, Betty. A livestream of Juan Diegos framed cloak played on the basilicas homepage, where a form also allowed petitions to be submitted and then deposited at the feet of the Virgin, where theyd remain for a week. Born under Aztec rule, he is a convert to Catholicism, and each step he takes this morning is a step into history. The records shows that a woman appeared in a gold fog and called upon the man to go to the bishop [] I want a church to be built on this place! The bishop did not believe Juan Diego and the meeting repeated itself the next day. What is purported by some to be the earliest mention of the miraculous apparition of the Virgin is a page of parchment, the Codex Escalada from 1548, which was discovered in 1995 and, according to investigative analysis, dates from the sixteenth century. Candles would be lit the night before the feast day. Matrix Drops cited a 20 December 2011 story for its claims that "NASA scientists" had determined the Virgen de Guadalupeto be alive. The latter instructed him to return to Tepeyac Hill and to ask the woman for a truly acceptable, miraculous sign to prove her identity. However, the legend's trajectory over the years indicated that its origins lay not with NASA, but with an unreliable and unsupported item published in 2011, three decades after Callahan's analysis appeared in print). Morales, a respiratory specialist at a COVID hospital, felt compelled to make his first pilgrimage. Guadalupe Symbols - Answered by Father Johann Roten, S.M. Some pilgrims came early, including this group of cyclists who carried their bicycles down the Hill of Tepeyac, where the Virgin is said to have appeared nearly 500 years ago. Her continuing significance as a religious and national symbol is attested by the hundreds of thousands of pilgrims who visit her shrine every year. He has made many TV appearances including: Larry King Live (debating Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow), the Today Show (debating on the topic of active euthanasia), The History Channel in God and The Universe, a multiple part PBS series Closer to the Truth, and the Hugh Hewitt Show. Archbishop Montfar opened an inquiry into the matter at which the Franciscans repeated their position that the image encouraged idolatry and superstition, and four witnesses testified to Bustamante's statement that the image was painted by an Indian, with one witness naming him "the Indian painter Marcos". Learn about Valentine's Day, St. Valentine, and the role of the heart. This story was originally published by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish language news partner. The key, everything turns on the bishop, he said, since although the Virgin of Guadalupe chose a layman, spoke to a layman, expressed her message to a layman, the shrine she asked for was not going to be done without the authority of the bishop., Chvez said it was instead the servants who treated Saint Juan Diego badly when he went to see Bishop Juan de Zumrraga, it was the servants who left him outside.. For a brief description of the vault, see Callahan, Philip Serna. A small stand outside sold candles wrapped with a label so prayers and names could be directly inscribed. Is it true the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has the same temperature as a human body? There they performed many sacrifices in honor of this goddess And now that a church of Our Lady of Guadalupe is built there, they also called her Tonantzin, being motivated by those preachers who called Our Lady, the Mother of God, Tonantzin. It was established, with instruments of the eye-specialist, that in the picture, the eyes of Marys retinas, when exposed to light similar to the humans eye expand and contract. English would render it: "Dear little Juan." The basilica is the most-visited Catholic shrine in the world, and the world's third most-visited sacred site.[1][2]. June 2002. Your membership is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience. [19] Cordero claimed that the Virgin Mary had appeared to him and ordered him to ask priests to dig at the site of the apparition. In addition, the Virgin Mary was portrayed in European art as crushing the serpent of the Garden of Eden. The "Tilma" (a kind of cloak worn by native Mexicans) of Juan Diego that bears the miraculous Image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is a coarse fabric made from the threads of the maguey cactus fiber which usually lasts no more than 20 to 30 years, and yet the fabric has maintained its structural integrity - without cracking or fading, or any sign of deterioration for nearly 500 years. The Virgin, the Priest, and the Flag: Political Mobilization of Mexican Immigrants in Chicago, Houston, and New York. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nx130m2. In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla initiated the bid for Mexican independence with his Grito de Dolores, with the cry "Death to the Spaniards and long live the Virgin of Guadalupe!" To save chestnut trees, we may have to play God, Why you should add native plants to your garden, What you can do right now to advocate for the planet, Why poison ivy is an unlikely climate change winner, The gory history of Europes mummy-eating fad, This ordinary woman hid Anne Frankand kept her story alive, This Persian marvel was lost for millennia. In the very early hours of Tuesday, December 12 (Julian calendar), Juan Bernardino's condition having deteriorated overnight, Juan Diego journeyed to Tlatelolco to get a Catholic priest to hear Juan Bernardino's confession and help minister to him on his deathbed. They infused it with an almost messianic sense of mission and identity, thereby also justifying their armed rebellion against Spain.[91][92]. Nineteen-year-old Jos Miguel Rosas poses for a portrait at the basilica. The Virgins image is so embedded in Mexican culture and history that it has been used in everything from the 1810 revolt against the Spanish to the modern fight against femicide. [39], Another account is the Codex Escalada, dating from the sixteenth century, a sheet of parchment recording apparitions of the Virgin Mary and the figure of Juan Diego, which reproduces the glyph of Antonio Valeriano alongside the signature of Fray Bernardino de Sahagn. Cartas Sobre la Tradicin de Ntra. Outside the basilica, small groups of visitors cautiously approached the barricades to pray, leaning on the cold metal and fingering their rosaries. Our Lady of Guadalupe ( Spanish: Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe ), also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe ( Spanish: Virgen de Guadalupe ), is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus associated with a series of five Marian apparitions, which are believed to have occurred in December 1531, and a venerated image on a cloak enshrined within the On December 12, 1531, an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared on the tilma of native Aztec, Juan Diego during his Marian apparition. Our Lady of Guadalupe videos. Demarest, Donald. During his leadership, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declared Juan Diego "venerable" (in 1987), and the pope himself announced his beatification on May 6, 1990, during a Mass at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City, declaring him "protector and advocate of the indigenous peoples," with December 9 established as his feast day. When Hidalgo's mestizo-indigenous army attacked Guanajuato and Valladolid, they placed "the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, which was the insignia of their enterprise, on sticks or on reeds painted different colors" and "they all wore a print of the Virgin on their hats. Focus on Guadalupe | NASA The fabric is mounted on a large metal sheet to which it has been glued for some time. The codex was the subject of an appendix to the Guadalupe encyclopedia, published in 1997. The Science (or Lack Thereof) Behind Juan Diegos Tilma. In fact, Gods pair, the God Mother appeared in this wonderful place. This newfound behavior may offer a clue to how these reptiles will respond to a warming planet. It's logical that marble, stone, wood, and fabric have different temperatures, he said. When the space got crowded, basilica workers crated the candles and moved them inside. We also addressed some of the pseudoscience that the image has attracted. NASA has publicized the results of the related examination of Our Lady of Guadalupe. They rushed to shelter indoors, leaving many of the candles unlit. The exact sound that met the Mexican's ears was "Juanito, Juan Diegito." It was an endearing expression that a fond mother would use for her child. appears to be datable to the mid-1500s, and may have been the original work by Valeriano, as that was used by Laso in composing the Huei tlamahuioltica. We provide news about the Church and the world, as seen through the teachings of the Catholic Church. In short, again, your claim about "word for word" is not only unsubstantiated it appears to be entirely false. Antigua Baslica de Santa Mara de Guadalupe", "Virgen de Guadalupe con las cuatro apariciones y una vista del Santuario de Tepeyac", http://foro.univision.com/t5/Testigos-de-Jehov%C3%A1/SE-DEMUESTRA-QUE-LA-IMAGEN-DE-LA-V-DE-GUADALUPE-ES-DE-OBRA/m-p/217920440, "The Techniques of Dieric Bouts: Two Paintings Contrasted", "Jesse Brandow: Missionary to Guatemala and Mexico", "A short history of Tonantzin, Our Lady of Guadalupe", "La Virgen de Guadalupe - Mother of all Mexico", "La Madonna di Guadalupe: un caso di 'inculturazione' miracolosa", https://web.archive.org/web/20071209175102/http://www.interlupe.com.mx/8-e.html, "Science Sees What Mary Saw From Juan Diego's Tilma", catholiceducation.org, "Investigacin en Documentos del Dr. Richard Khun en Alemania", "Our Lady of Guadalupe | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica", "The Patroness of the Unborn: Our Lady of Guadalupe", "Knots in Mary's Garments: University of Dayton, Ohio", "Goan Churches | Information on all Churches in Goa", "A New Way to Show Your Devotion in Mexico City: Wear a T-Shirt", Image of the Virgin Mary Mother of God of Guadalupe, Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church, The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland, Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur, Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatpetl, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba (Yucatn conquistador), Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba (founder of Nicaragua), Indigenous people during De Soto's travels, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe&oldid=1152716615, Indigenous Roman Catholic saints of the Americas, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022, Articles with dead external links from September 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2021, Commons category link is defined as the pagename, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In late November, the church announced it would shut the doors of the basilica in mid-December to dissuade pilgrims from making the journey. Dr. Orozco began his talk by confirming that the conservation of the Tilma, the cloak of St. Juan Diego on which Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared 478 years ago, is completely beyond any scientific explanation., All the cloths similar to the Tilma that have been placed in the salty and humid environment around the Basilica have lasted no more than ten years, he explained. We won't rent or sell your information, and you can unsubscribe at any time. Our Lady of Guadalupe Is a Powerful Symbol of Mexican Identity., Blackwell, Maylei. Children are tied together with string so their parents dont lose them in the moving crowd. December 12th is the Feast Day of Our Lady of Guadalupe. It was established, with instruments of the eye-specialist, that in the picture, the eyes of Mary's retinas, when exposed to light - similar to the human's eye - expand and contract. The Secret Code Within the Tilma of Our Lady of Guadalupe A pregnant woman, eyes downcast, hands clasped in prayer, clothed in a pink tunic robe covered by a, Granted a decree of canonical coronation for a namesake image enshrined in, Issued a decree confirming the patronage of Guadalupe for the Diocese of, Declared Our Lady of Guadalupe as the "Heavenly Patroness of the Philippines" on 16 July 1935, signed by, Rescinded the former decrees of July 1935 in replacement of. Portrait artist Glenn Taylor has pointed out that the part in the Virgins hair is off-center; that her eyes, including the irises, have outlines, as they often do in paintings, but not in nature, and that these outlines appear to have been done with a brush; and that much other evidence suggests the picture was probably copied by an inexpert artist from an expertly done original. [7], The words spoken by Our Lady to Saint Juan Diego include:[8], The shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe in Guadalupe, Cceres, in Extremadura, Spain was the most important Marian shrine in the medieval kingdom of Castile. [A][63], The portrait was executed on a natural fibre fabric support constituted by two pieces (originally three) joined. Besides any natural explanation, the acid has not destroyed the fabric of the cloth, indeed it has not even destroyed the colored parts of the image, Orozco said. However, Chvez said that Our Lady of Guadalupe is not an adaptation of a goddess, and has nothing to do with idolatry. We thought we knew turtles. [95] More recently, the contemporary Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) named their "mobile city" in honor of the Virgin: it is called Guadalupe Tepeyac. The shrine houses a statue reputed to have been carved by Luke the Evangelist and given to Leander of Seville, archbishop of Seville, by Pope Gregory I. Brush-work: Rosales suggested (Callahan contra) there was some visible brushwork on the original image, but in a minute area of the image ("her eyes, including the irises, have outlines, apparently applied by a brush"). The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City attracts millions of pilgrims each December to commemorate the Virgins feast day. RCatholics.com. The little-known history of the Florida panther. Granted a pontifical decree of coronation on 4 March 1949 towards a namesake image manufactured by the Vatican Mosaic studio, which was crowned by the. During her first apparition she requested that a shrine to her be built on the spot where she appeared, Tepeyac Hill (now in a suburb of Mexico City). [115] Replicas of the tilma can be found in thousands of churches throughout the world, and numerous parishes bear her name. 2008. 10 years later, in the year 2000, he was declared a Saint. "[90] The rays of light surrounding her are seen to also represent maguey spines. Diego met again with the Blessed Mother who sent him up to the hilltop where he found blossoming roses despite the season. This second crown is stored within the chancery and is not publicly worn by the image enshrined at the altar. In the beginning of the 20th century a bomb was detonated next to the image. Afterwards, Juan Diego visited Juan de Zumrraga, who was Archbishop of what is now Mexico City. One woman chanted, Viva la Virgin! [88], Juan Diego's tilma has become Mexico's most popular religious and cultural symbol, and has received widespread ecclesiastical and popular veneration. We provide news about the Church and the world, as seen through the teachings of the Catholic Church. This effect was completely unknown at the time of the images formation. While it is not known for certain where the beginning of Tonantzin may have originated, but this we know for certain, that, from its first usage, the word refers to the ancient Tonantzin. p. 114 in. [52] Eventually a painter confessed on his deathbed that he had been instructed by a clergyman to remove the crown. [65] An intricate metal crown designed by the painter Salom Pina according to plans devised by Rmulo Escudero and Prez Gallardo, and executed by the Parisian goldsmith, Edgar Morgan, is fixed above the image by a rod, and a massive Mexican flag is draped around and below the frame. [110] According to The Wonder of Guadalupe by Francis Johnston, this was requested by Professor Hahn and Professor Marcelino Junco, retired professor of organic chemistry at the National University of Mexico. The composition and authorship of the Huei tlamahuioltica is assigned by a majority of those scholars to Luis Laso de la Vega, vicar of the sanctuary of Tepeyac from 1647 to 1657. The Virgin of Guadalupe, like the shroud of Turin, appears on a piece of fabric. The writings of bishop Zumrraga, into whose hands Juan purportedly delivered the miraculous image, did not refer to him or the event. A: The 450-year-old image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is more than simply a picture. She stands facing the viewer's left, with her hands joined in prayer and head slightly inclined down, gazing with heavy-lidded eyes at a spot below and to her right (the left of the viewer). Our Lady of Guadalupe. One painting of the miraculous image, created in 1789, was on display in a church near the basilica where the Tilma was placed. A Brief Story of Our Lady of Guadalupe On December 12, 1531, the Blessed Virgin Mary spoke to a humble native in his own Nahuatl tongue. It had been conducted - secretly - in 1982 by art restoration expert Jos Sol Rosales. Shop Our Lady of Guadalupe. "[131] One of the most famous controversies was sparked by Alma Lpez's Our Lady digital collage, which later led to a book titled "Our Lady of Controversy: Alma Lpez's Irreverent Apparition. [citation needed]. Rosales concluded that the image did not originate supernaturally but was instead the work of an artist who used the materials and methods of the sixteenth century (El Vaticano 2002). This year Mexico is reeling from a coronavirus death toll of at least 118,000the fourth highest globally. Before concluding his presentation, Dr. Orozco made mention of two miracles associated with the Tilma. http://tsn.ua/nauka_it/nasa-znayshlo-zhivu-ikonu-materi-bozhoyi-z-temperaturoyu-tila-lyudini.html, that the image is merely a native artists painting, NASA found in space "Christmas Angel" (photo), http://radar.jpl.nasa.gov/people/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPerson&pplID=81, (You must log in or sign up to reply here. Other witnesses to that famous scene are visible, too. [93], Simn Bolvar noticed the Guadalupan theme in these uprisings, and shortly before Morelos's execution in 1815 wrote: "the leaders of the independence struggle have put fanaticism to use by proclaiming the famous Virgin of Guadalupe as the queen of the patriots, praying to her in times of hardship and displaying her on their flags the veneration for this image in Mexico far exceeds the greatest reverence that the shrewdest prophet might inspire. Only employees of the basilica and the press were allowed in. Samuel Alvarez Morales works as a respiratory therapist with COVID patients in a hospital in Mexico City. By the 16th century, the Extremadura Guadalupe, a statue of the Virgin said to be carved by Luke the Evangelist, was already a national icon. The join is clearly visible as a seam passing from top to bottom, with the Virgin's face and hands and the head of the angel on the left piece, passing through the left wrist of the Virgin. [58], In 1995, Father Xavier Escalada, a Jesuit whose four volume Guadalupe encyclopedia had just been published, announced the existence of a sheet of parchment (known as Codex Escalada), which bore an illustrated account of the vision and some notations in Nahuatl concerning the life and death of Juan Diego. Sign up for monthly email updates of articles of faith and science from Magis Center! The Holy Virgin, according to records, appeared to an Indian, Juan Diego, in the winter of 1531, on the mountain of Tepeyac, near Mexico City to the north. Gonzlez, Ondina E. and Justo L. Gonzlez. What image is hidden in the eyes of Our Lady of Guadalupe? NASA released no research in 1979 or at any other time about the artifact, and even Callahan's believer's lens of interpretation made no claims that the materials from which it was created were of no known origin. the importation of an object of reverence in one belief system into another (see above). The Apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Image, The Origin of the Guadalupe is a word of Arab origin. The text of this document was later incorporated into a printed pamphlet which was widely circulated in 1649. I was worried. 11310 - 111 Avenue NW Edmonton, Alberta T5G 0C9 Tel: 780-455-6300. That's completely false, he underscored. We will head back to the truck so we don't get infected," she said. [124], The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is also present in the contemporary political discussion on immigration. He recommended a series of more tests, but the only one allowed by the Church was a spectrophotometric examination done by Donald Lynn from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. But at least, he said, it would be something. A woman crawls toward the basilica to prove her devotion before the gates shut to prevent crowds from gathering. There's a reason why Our Lady of Guadalupe was so fundamental. According to data of Mexico City, in 2004, ten million pilgrims were welcomed only between 9. Our Lady of Guadalupe Mass 2021 - caedm See the flowers - Place your own rose. The traditional view has been questioned by various scholars and ecclesiastics, including the former abbot of the Basilica of Guadalupe. The theory promoting the Spanish origin of the name says that: The venerated image of Our Lady of Guadalupe features a full-length representation of a young woman with delicate features and straight, dark hair in a centre parting. [87] She was called "mother of maguey,"[88] the source of the sacred beverage pulque. Our Lady of Guadalupe | EWTN 1995 - 2023 by Snopes Media Group Inc. Still, in this strange year, some visitors felt compelled to make their first pilgrimage. 13 September 2010. ", Lara, Irene. [84][85] Her blue-green mantle was the color reserved for the divine couple Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl;[86] her belt is interpreted as a sign of pregnancy; and a cross-shaped image, symbolizing the cosmos and called nahui-ollin, is inscribed beneath the image's sash. Tonanlupanisma: Re-Membering Tonantzin-Guadalupe in Chicana Visual Art., Walker, Hollis. 19 December 2011. Guadalupe is not only a shrine visited by nearly thirty million people every year; it embodies the faith of the whole country in union with their 'Virgen Morena', the brown-skinned Virgin. Engineer Jose Aste Tonsmann, has amplified an image of the pupils of the Blessed Virgin by 2500 times. The initiative to perform them was made by Francisco de Siles who proposed to ask the Church of Rome, a Mass itself with allusive text to the apparitions and stamping of the image, along with the divine office itself, and the precept of hearing a Catholic Mass on December 12, the last date of the apparitions of the Virgin to Juan Diego as the new date to commemorate the apparitions (which until then was on September 8, the birth of the Virgin). The hidden symbolism of Our Lady of Guadalupe's image - Aleteia Who Painted It? Remembering Our Lady of Guadalupe - Catholic Exchange Some flaking is visible, though only in retouched areas (mostly along the line of the vertical seam, or at passages considered to be later additions). [56], At that time historians revived doubts as to the quality of the evidence regarding Juan Diego. Our Lady of Guadalupe "The Cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico" in, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 21:52. It has been translated and adapted by CNA. [48][49], These published accounts of the origin of the image already venerated in Tepeyac, then increased interest in the identity of Juan Diego, who was the original recipient of the prime vision. I have been part of the ACI Prensa team for more than 10 years. In a short time, Juan Diego became well-known. The day before the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe closed, a family sings Las Maanitas, a traditional Mexican birthday song, for the Virgin of Guadalupe. By Francesca Merlo The Virgin of Guadalupe, like the shroud of Turin, appears on a piece of fabric. Tel: +36 1 222 3186, The original image attracts crowds of pilgrims: the basilica which guards the icon is said to be the most visited pilgrimage in the world. The Virgins image is pressed into two necklaces hanging from the neck of a young man visiting the basilica. In the words which have become the most famous phrase of the Guadalupe apparitions and are inscribed above the main entrance to the Basilica of Guadalupe, she asked "No estoy yo aqu que soy tu madre?" This story comes to us from a document believed by many to have been composed in the Nahuatl language by a native man who born in the midst of the Spanish conquest of his people and thereafter educated by the Franciscan friars Corts had brought to evangelize the natives: Don Antonio Valeriano. "Little Miracles, Kept Promises. "[61], Ondina and Justo Gonzlez suggest that the name is a Spanish version of the Nahuatl term, Cotlaxopeuh [koataope], which they interpret as meaning "the one who crushes the serpent," and that it may seem to be referring to the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl. for He is the living God who is the giver of Life. [93] Father Miguel Hidalgo, in the Mexican War of Independence (1810), and Emiliano Zapata, in the Mexican Revolution (1910), led their respective armed forces with Guadalupan flags emblazoned with an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. "[104] Nobel Literature laureate Octavio Paz wrote in 1974 that "The Mexican people, after more than two centuries of experiments and defeats, have faith only in the Virgin of Guadalupe and the National Lottery."[105].